TCP/IP is the acronym that is commonly used for the
set of network protocols that compose the
Internet Protocol suite. Many texts use the term “
Internet” to describe both the protocol suite and the global wide area network.
TCP/IP refers specifically to the
Internet protocol suite. “Internet” refers to the wide area network and the bodies that govern the Internet.
| TCP/IP consists four layers :-
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- Host-to-Network (Physical + Datalink layers of OSI) or Network Interface Layer.
- Internet layer
- Transport layer
- Application layer (Session + Presentation + Application layers of OSI)
| Host-to-Network layer (or Network Interface Layer):
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- It does not define any specific protocols.
- It support all the standard and proprietary protocol.
TCP/IP support Internetworking Protocol (IP) in turn uses four supporting protocols
ARP, RARP, ICMP and IGMP.
IP (Internetworking Protocol): it is the transmission mechanism used by TCP/IP.
It is unreliable and connectionless protocol, a best effort delivery service.
The term best effort means that IP provides no error checking or tracking. IP assumes the unreliability of the underlying and does it best to get transmission through to its destination, but with no guarantee.
ARP (Address resolution protocol): It maps logical address (IP address) to the corresponding physical address (MAC address).
RARP (Reverse ARP): Maps physical to logical address.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) : It is a mechanism used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the server. ICMP sends query and error reporting message.
IGMP (Internet Group Message Protocol): It is used to facilitate the simultaneous transmission of a message to a group of recipients.
Traditionally the transport layer was represented in TCP/IP by two protocols TCP & UDP, but a new transport layer protocol SCTP has been devised to meet the needs of some newer applications.
- IP is a host-to-host protocol, meaning that it can deliver a package from one physical device to another.
- UDP and TCP are transport layer protocols responsible for delivery of a message from process (running program) to another process.
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): It is Connection oriented reliable protocol.
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol): It is Connectionless unreliable protocol.
- SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol): Provides support for newer applications such as voice over the internet. It combines the best features of UDP and TCP.
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